HPV is implicated in bladder cancer

With state of the art detection techniques, human papillomavirus (HPV) has been detected in nearly 100% of cervical cancers. HPV infection is more common in smokers (and passive smokers) for non-causal socioeconomic reasons. This resulted in false blame of smoking due to confounding. Bovine papillomavirus is known to cause bladder cancer in cattle. It is possible that HPV can also cause bladder cancer in man.

High frequency of human papillomavirus detection in urinary bladder cancer. AM Agliano, A Gradilone, P Gazzaniga, M Napolitano, R Vercillo, L Albonici, G Naso, V Manzari, L Frati, A Vecchione. Urol Int 1994;53(3):125-129. In 46 transitional carcinomas and 10 non-neoplastic normal urinary samples, "HPV16 and/or HPV18 genomes were detected in 23 of 46 (50%) bladder carcinomas and in none of 10 (0%) non-neoplastic urinary samples."

HPV and p53 in urinary bladder carcinoma. GP Mincione, L Messerini, C Saltutti, V Di Cello, A Dominici, E Giannelli, G Baroni, A Calzolari. Pathologica 1994 Jun;86(3):244-246. 1 if 18 urothelial carcinomas was positive for HPV type 31/33/51 and for p53 protein.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: low incidence of human papillomavirus DNA detected by the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. A Lopez-Beltran, E Munoz. Histopathology 1995 Jun;26(6):565-569. "Of the 76 cases investigated, PCR analysis showed positive signals in seven (9.2%) of cases--six for HPV 16 DNA, and one for HPV 16 DNA and HPV 6 DNA. Four (5.2%) were also reactive for HPV 16/18 DNA using in situ hybridization."

Detection of human papillomavirus DNA sequences in cancer of the urinary bladder by in situ hybridisation and polymerase chain reaction. V Gopalkrishna, AN Srivastava, S Hedau, JK Sharma, BC Das. Genitourin Med 1995 Aug;71(4):231-233. One of 10 transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder was positive for HPV 16 by ISH, and 2 were positive by PCR.

Presence of human papilloma virus in transitional cell carcinoma in Jewish population in Israel. Z Smetana, T Keller, S Leventon-Kriss, M Huszar, A Lindner, S Mitrani-Rosenbaum, E Mendelson, S Smetana. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 1995 Dec;41(8):1017-1023. "HPV capsid antigen was demonstrated in 19 out of 110 cases (17.3%). HPV-DNA sequences, determined by in situ DNA-DNA hybridization at high stringency wash were present in 24 cases (21.8%). 16(14.5%) cases proved to be HPV6/11 and 8 (7.3%) were HPV 16/18 positive. Four (3.6%) of the HPV 6/11 positive specimens cross hybridized with HPV 31/33/35 at low stringency conditions. Sixteen samples known to be positive by in situ hybridization were reconfirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When the PCR was performed on the 43 negative cases, an additional 4(9.3%) HPV positive cases were revealed: two proved to be HPV 6/11 and two HPV 16/18."

Human papillomavirus infection and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. A Lopez-Beltran, AL Escudero, JC Carrasco-Aznar, L Vicioso-Recio. Pathol Res Pract 1996 Feb;192(2):154-159. "25 (32.8%) out of 76 bladder carcinoma specimens reacted with HPVcAg. Twelve (15.7%) out of 76 cases were positive for HPV 16/18-DNA using non-isotopic in situ hybridization. Sixteen cases had koilocytosis. No positive signals were found for HPV 6/11 or 31/33/35-DNA probes."

The aetiological significance of human papillomavirus in bladder cancer. NR Boucher, JH Scholefield, JB Anderson. Br J Urol 1996 Dec;78(6):866-869. "Fifty-five formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bladder tumour specimens were analysed for the presence of HPV infection using Southern blotting DNA hybridization and radiolabelled probes for HPV DNA types 6/11 and 16. RESULTS: Despite the detection of HPV DNA type 6, 11 and 16 in positive control samples and the successful detection of HPV DNA in anogenital cancer using the same technique, no HPV DNA was found in any of the bladder tumour specimens examined."

Detection and typing of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer in the Thai. P Bhattarakosol, A Poonnaniti, S Niruthisard. J Med Assoc Thai 1996 Dec;79 Suppl 1:S56-S64. By PCR using L1-consensus primers, "82 out of 100 (82%) samples were positive for HPV-DNA. Among the positive samples, 50 samples (61%) were typed by dot hybridization technique (DH). HPV-16 was the dominant type (42.68%), followed by HPV-18 (20.73%) and HPV-33 (3.66%). There were double infection of HPV-16 and 18 in 5 (6.1%) samples. None of HPV-6 and 11 were detected in this study."

Transitional cell and uncommon urothelial carcinoma of renal pelvis/ureter and bladder: low incidence of human papilloma virus. JS Wang, HH Tseng, SL Lin, SP Hsieh. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1997 Mar;59(3):151-157. By ISH, 3 of 8 bladder SCCs were positive for HPV, two of which were actually cervical cancer invasions. "HPV was not detected in any of the 51 bladder TCC, 48 renal pelvic/ ureter TCC, 5 bladder adenocarcinoma, 3 bladder small cell carcinoma, and 2 bladder undifferentiated carcinoma."

Human papillomavirus 16 and 18 infection is absent in urinary bladder carcinomas. QL Lu, el-N Lalani, P Abel. Eur Urol 1997;31(4):428-432. "Thirty-one samples of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded bladder carcinomas (4 adenocarcinomas, 5 squamous cell and 22 transitional cell carcinomas) were examined using non-isotopic ISH with biotin-labelled DNA probes of HPV 16 and 18 subtypes;" none were positive.

Human papillomavirus and schistosomiasis associated bladder cancer. K Cooper, Z Haffajee, L Taylor. Mol Pathol 1997 Jun;50(3):145-148. "Twenty five archival samples of bladder squamous cell carcinoma associated with Schistosoma haematobium were subjected to non-isotopic in situ hybridisation and the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of human papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33 genotypes. RESULTS: Using these two techniques, none of the 25 cases was shown to harbour human papillomavirus DNA."

A review of more than 27 laboratory/clinical studies of bladder cancer in the general population (A Lopez-Beltran, AL Escudero. Human papillomavirus and bladder cancer. Biomed & Pharmacother 1997;51(6-7):252-257) found high-risk HPV DNA in from 2.5% to 81% of cancers, with HPV-16 the most common. It was found in both papillary and invasive cancers.

Prevalence of six types of human papillomavirus in inverted papilloma and papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: an evaluation by polymerase chain reaction. KW Chan, KY Wong, G Srivastava. J Clin Pathol 1997 Dec;50(12):1018-1021. In 10 inverted papillomas and 20 papillary transitional cell carcinomas, "HPV type 18 was found in 60% and 30% of cases of inverted papilloma and papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, respectively. These tumours were rarely associated with HPV types 6, 11, 16, 31, and 33."

Lack of evidence for a role of human papillomaviruses in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. O Aynaud, P Tranbaloc, G Orth. J Urol 1998 Jan;159(1):86-9; discussion 90. "HPV-6 DNA was detected in the condylomatous tumor. However, no HPV DNA was detected in the 57 bladder cancers by Southern blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction."

Prevalence of papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 2 in urinary bladder cancer. P Gazzaniga, R Vercillo, A Gradilone, I Silvestri, O Gandini, M Napolitano, L Giuliani, A Fioravanti, M Gallucci, AM Agliano. J Med Virol 1998 Aug;55(4):262-267). EBV and HPV were each found in about one-third of 35 biopsies, and 20% had more than one viral infection. "To our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the association of EBV, CMV and HSV-2 with bladder cancer. This finding may raise the question of whether such viral infection may contribute to development and progression of some types of urological malignancies in humans."

Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in urinary bladder carcinoma by in situ hybridisation. C De Gaetani, G Ferrari, E Righi, S Bettelli, M Migaldi, P Ferrari, GP Trentini. J Clin Pathol 1999 Feb;52(2):103-106. "HPV DNA was identified by the in situ hybridisation technique in 17 of 43 cases of bladder cancer; 12 of these were serum antibody positive and 10 had had multiple biopsies. Fifteen of the cases that were negative for HPV DNA by in situ hybridisation had positive serum serology when tested by ELISA. In 14 cases, the HPV was either types 16/18 or types 31/33/35, both of which carry high oncogenic risk." Discussion of methodologies: The rates of HPV detection in bladder cancer vary widely because no single ideal method has been determined yet. Southern blotting can be confused by viral DNA deletions and rearrangements. In situ hybridization (ISH) keeps the tissue architecture intact and can demonstrate infection in specific cells; its detection rate depends upon the specificity of the probes used. Some studies found HPV only in inactive episomal form, suggesting that its presence was only coincidental, while others found active transcription. "Some of the discrepancies reported in the literature on the association of HPVs to bladder cancer have been considered to be related to geographical differences, DNA preparation and amplification, as well as sample fixation." Serum antibodies to HPV by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been compared by various cancers. Such studies may suffer from high rates of both false positives and false negatives. HPV can also be missed simply because the biopsy didn't get the right spot.

Human papillomavirus associated with bladder carcinoma? Analysis by polymerase chain reaction. MI Tekin, S Tuncer, FT Aki, CY Bilen, C Aygun, H Ozen. Int J Urol. 1999 Apr;6(4):184-186. 2/42 fresh biopsy specimens (4.8%) were positive for HPV 16 or 18.

Low frequency of human papillomavirus infection in initial papillary bladder tumors. M Simoneau, H LaRue, Y Fradet. Urol Res 1999 Jun;27(3):180-184. "We investigated a total of 187 newly diagnosed superficial papillary bladder tumors for the presence of L1-HPV DNA by the polymerase chain reaction method and hybridization with specific probes for HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 33. HPV DNA was detected in 16 (8.5%) of the 187 specimens tested, although in a low copy number compared with SiHa cervical cancer cells used as control. HPV type 16 was observed in eight tumors while HPV type 6 and type 11 were each observed in three tumors. Two tumor specimens contained two types of HPV: one tumor hybridized with type 6 and 16 and the other with type 11 and 18."

[The detection of high risk human papillomaviruses in papillary transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder.] Z Yu, T Xia, Z Xue. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 1999 Jun;37(6):369-371. 36.5% of 52 cases were HPV-positive.

The study on relation of human papillomavirus and P53 expression with bladder transitional cell carcinoma. T Chen, QS Kong, H Cao, MY Yi, XZ Li, W Zhu, CP Liu, CW Shan. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2000 Dec;14(4):345-348. 75 cases; 9.3% were positive for low-risk types and 34.7% for high-risk types.

Investigation of human papillomavirus in transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder in South Africa. M Sur, K Cooper, U Allard. Pathology 2001 Feb;33(1):17-20. In 91 archival samples of bladder transitional cell carcinoma, 1 was positive by PCR and 0 by non-isotopic in situ hybridisation (NISH), for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33.

Human papilloma virus infection and overexpression of p53 protein in bilharzial bladder cancer. HM Khaled, A Raafat, N Mokhtar, AR Zekri, H Gaballah. Tumori 2001 Jul-Aug;87(4):256-261. 46% of 52 cases were positive for HPV.

Human papillomavirus 6/11, 16/18 and 31/33/51 are not associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. PJ Westenend, JA Stoop, JG Hendriks. BJU Int 2001 Aug;88(3):198-201. 0/16 were positive for HPV.

p53 codon 72 polymorphism and its association with bladder cancer. N Soulitzis, G Sourvinos, DN Dokianakis, DA Spandidos. Cancer Lett 2002 May 28;179(2):175-183. HPV was found in 6/50 patients.

Correlation between p53 mutations and HPV in bilharzial bladder cancer. HM Khaled, AA Bahnassi, AR Zekri, HA Kassem, N Mokhtar. Urol Oncol 2003 Sep-Oct;21(5):334-341. In 99 cases of Bilharzial bladder cancer [BBC] in Egypt, "HPV-DNA was detected in 48.97% of the cases the majority of which [64.6%] were of type 16."

Urothelial bladder carcinoma and viral infections: different association with human polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses. D Fioriti, V Pietropaolo, S Dal Forno, C Laurenti, F Chiarini, AM Degener. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2003 Sep-Dec;16(3):283-238. 32 primary bladder neoplasias, vs 20 healthy tissue samples. "In the examined population the association bladder carcinoma-HPV, found by others, has not been confirmed. The high percentage of human polyomaviruses present in the samples is a statistically significant data (p=0.0087) and allows to presume that BKV and JCV may play a role in the aetiology of bladder tumor. In particular the polyomavirus BK, which is found in significative percentage both in single infection (p=0.0036) and in co-infections with other viral species (p=0.035), may be an important co-factor in the pathogenesis of bladder carcinoma."

Does human papillomavirus play a role in the development of bladder transitional cell carcinoma? A comparison of PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. S Youshya, K Purdie, J Breuer, C Proby, MT Sheaf, RT Oliver, S Baithun. J Clin Pathol 2005 Feb;58(2):207-210. "The two methods produced contrasting results, with 47 of the 78 samples positive for HPV antigen and none positive for HPV DNA. HPV DNA was not detected in the 20 additional paraffin wax embedded TCCs or in the 20 paired unfixed samples. In contrast, HPV DNA was amplified by PCR from all six of the paraffin wax embedded cervical carcinoma and anogenital wart control samples."

Sensitive detection of human papillomavirus in cervical, head/neck, and schistosomiasis-associated bladder malignancies. H Yang, K Yang, A Khafagi, Y Tang, TE Carey, AW Opipari, R. Lieberman, PA Oeth, W Lancaster, HP Klinger, AO Kaseb, A. Metwally, H Khaled, DM Kurnit. PNAS 2005 May 24;102(21):7683-7688. HPV 16/18 was detected in 27/27 schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancers. HPV was found in only 2/10 patients with schistosomiasis infection but without cancer.

Correlation between human papillomavirus infection and bladder transitional cell carcinoma. MR Barghi, A Hajimohammadmehdiarbab, SM Moghaddam, B Kazemi. BMC Infect Dis 2005 Nov 8;5:102. In bladder tissue specimens of 59 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder compared with 20 bladder samples of cases with non-neoplastic disorders by PCR, "HPV DNA was detected in 21 (35.6%) samples, while it was present in only one sample (5%) in the control group (P = 0.008). HPV18 was the most common type of virus with the incidence rate of 17/21(81%)."

Association of human herpesvirus type 6 DNA with human bladder cancer. AL Escudero, RJ Luque, A Quintero, J Alvarez-Kindelan, MJ Requena, R Montironi, A Lopez-Beltran. Cancer Lett 2005 Dec 8;230(1):20-24. "HHV-6 type B DNA was present in 5 men (6.8%) out of the 74 tumors investigated; two of them had associated HPV-16 DNA in the same specimen. In one case that had associated urothelial carcinoma in situ, both HHV-6B and HPV-16 DNA were present."

Human papilloma virus and p53 expression in bladder cancer in Egypt: relationship to schistosomiasis and clinicopathologic factors. A Helal Tel, MT Fadel, NK El-Sayed. Pathol Oncol Res 2006;12(3):173-178. 64/114 (56.1%) tumors were schistosomiasis-associated, 1 of which was positive for HPV 16/18.

Meta-analysis of studies analyzing the relationship between bladder cancer and infection by human papillomavirus. J Gutiérrez, A Jiménez, J de Dios Luna, MJ Soto, A Sorlózano. J Urol. 2006 Dec;176(6 Pt 1):2474-81; discussion 2481. Meta-analysis of 44 observational studies published until July 2005. "In 39 studies the investigators determined the presence of human papillomavirus DNA, and found a prevalence of between 0% and 100% and significant homogeneity analysis (p <0.001). Pooled estimation of the presence of the infection was 16.0% (95% CI 12.8 to 19.1). Pooled OR estimation was 2.3 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.1) with no significant publication bias. In 7 studies human papillomavirus infection was studied by detecting the antigen or antibodies and a prevalence of between 14% and 60% was found with significant homogeneity analysis (p <0.001). Pooled estimation of the prevalence of infection was 32.4% (95% CI 17.0 to 47.8). Pooled OR estimation was 2.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 5.3). CONCLUSIONS: Finding a relationship between bladder cancer and human papillomavirus depends on the method used. In the literature examined there are insufficient cases and samples compared to controls and studies rely on a combination of various microbiological techniques in the same patient and sample, making it difficult to draw any definite conclusion."

Human papilloma virus DNA and p53 mutation analysis on bladder washes in relation to clinical outcome of bladder cancer. PM Moonen, JM Bakkers, LA Kiemeney, JA Schalken, WJ Melchers, JA Witjes. Eur Urol 2007 Aug;52(2):464-468. In 107 pateints, "The prevalence of all-type and high-risk HPV infection in malignancies of the bladder was 15.2% and 8.1%, respectively. In high-grade tumours this prevalence was 18.2% and 10.6%, respectively. In grade 1, 2 and 3 tumours the infection rate of high-risk HPV types was 0%, 3.3%, and 10.6%, respectively (trend test: p=0.221)."

Role of human papillomavirus types 16, 18, and 52 in recurrent cystitis and urinary bladder cancer among Egyptian patients. H Badawi, H Ahmed, A Ismail, M Diab, M Moubarak, A Badawy, M Saber. Medscape J Med 2008;10(10):232. 20 bladder cancer patients, 24 with recurrent cystitis, 16 with both bladder cancer and cystitis, and 20 healthy controls. HPV-16 and HPV-18 DNA was detected in 44.1% of bladder cancer cases versus 11.1% of cystitis cases. "There was a significant association of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) with HPV-16 in 69.2% and 61.1%" by serology and bladder tissue biopsies, respectively. "Multiple HPV types 16, 18, and 52 were significantly higher than single types (79.2% and 20.8%, respectively)."

[Detection of oncoprotein E7 HPV16 in the cancer and normal urinary bladder urothelium]. GM Volgareva, LE Zavalishina, DA Golovina, IuIu Andreeva, VD Ermilova, NL Cheban, DA Kuevda, OB Trofimova, O Shipulina, LS Pavlova, AN Petrov, VB Matveev, AA Shtil', GA Frank. Arkh Patol 2009 Jan-Feb;71(1):29-30. "Oncoprotein E7 HPV16 was detected by immunohistochemical staining with specific polyclonal antiserum [Fiedler et al., 2004] in 7 out of the 24 (29.2%) studied bladder cancer specimens."

Koilocytosis: correlations with high-risk HPV and its comparison on tissue sections and cytology, urothelial carcinoma. S Aggarwal, VK Arora, S Gupta, N Singh, A Bhatia. Diagn Cytopathol 2009 Mar;37(3):174-177. High risk HPV was found in 14 of 33 (42%) bladder carcinomas. 11 of 13 specimens with koilocytosis were HPV-positive.

Investigation of human papillomavirus in bladder cancer in a series of Tunisian patients. W Ben Selma, S Ziadi, R Ben Gacem, K Amara, F Ksiaa, M Hachana, M Trimeche. Pathol Res Pract 2010 Nov 15;206(11):740-743. None of 119 urothelial carcinomas, five squamous carcinomas, and one adenocarcinoma of the bladder were positive for HPV by any of three PCR primers. "[H]owever, the question of whether other subtypes of HPV contribute to bladder carcinogenesis remains to be clarified."

Etiologic role of human papillomavirus infection in bladder carcinoma. K Shigehara, T Sasagawa, S Kawaguchi, T Nakashima, M Shimamura, Y Maeda, H Konaka, A Mizokami, E Koh, M Namiki. Cancer 2010 Nov 29 [Epub ahead of print]. "HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 52, and 58, and an unknown HPV type were detected in 18 of 117 samples (15%) from patients with bladder carcinoma. HPV16 was identified in 6 samples, HPV18 was identified in 4 samples, and HPV33 was identified in 3 samples. All were single HPV type infections. HPV was detected in 38% (12 of 28) of histologic grade 1 bladder carcinomas, 8.5% (6 of 71) of grade 2 bladder carcinomas, and in 0% (0 of 18) of grade 3 bladder carcinomas. Multivariate analysis indicated that younger age (<60 years; odds ratio [OR], 10.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6-45.3) and grade 1 tumors (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.2-17.0) were associated with HPV infection. ISH analysis indicated that high-risk HPV DNA was localized in the nuclei of tumor cells of all HPV-positive samples. p16-INK4a and mcm-7 were expressed in 94% and 89% of HPV-positive carcinoma cells, respectively. HPV-L1 protein expression, which suggested reproductive HPV infection, was not observed in any carcinoma."

Human papillomavirus and non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer: potential relationship from a pilot study. T Cai, S Mazzoli, F Meacci, G Nesi, P Geppetti, G Malossini, R Bartoletti. Oncol Rep 2011 Feb;25(2):485-489. "HR-HPV DNA in tissue was found in 27 of 78 (34.6%) tumour samples and in 6 of 59 (10.1%) specimens from TUR-P, with a statistically significant difference (p=0.0009; dF=1; χ2=10.98). HR-HPV DNA in urine was found in 36 of 78 (46.1%) samples obtained from patients, whereas in only 8 of 59 (13.5%) samples from controls (p<0.0001: dF=1; χ2=16.37). A statistical significant difference in terms of HR-HPV frequency between high-grade and low-grade urothelial bladder cancer, was found (p=0.032; RR=0.52-95% CI 0.27-0.93; OR=0.34-95% CI 0.13-0.90)."

Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in urinary bladder cancer. DS Naik, S Sharma, A Ray, S Hedau. Indian J Urol 2011 Apr;27(2):208-214. 30 urothelial carcinomas. "No cases were positive for HPV-18, whereas HPV-16 was detected in 10% cases." Those two types were the only ones sought.

Association between urothelial carcinoma after renal transplantation and infection by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18. J Xiao, X Zhu, GY Hao, YC Zhu, LL Ma, YH Zhang, Y Tian. Transplant Proc 2011 Jun;43(5):1638-1640. 90 cases of urothelial carcinoma among 3780 patients, compared to 30 nontransplanted patients with bladder cancer. "Seven transplanted patients were HPV positive: HPV-16 was detected in 3 patients with bladder cancer (3/90; 3.3%), and HPV-18 in 2 patients with bilateral pelvic ureteral carcinoma (2/90; 2.2%), and 2 patients with bladder cancer (2/90; 2.2%). Only 2 cases from the control group were HPV positive (both HPV-18; 2/30; 5%). The difference between the RTR and control groups was not significant (P > .05)."

Human Papillomavirus Infection and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis. N Li, L Yang, Y Zhang, P Zhao, T Zheng, M Dai. J Infect Dis 2011 Jul;204(2):217-223. "The prevalence of HPV in bladder cancer was estimated by pooling data from 52 studies, taking into consideration the heterogeneity from major related parameters including study region, histological type, HPV DNA specimen, publication calendar period, and detection method. Moreover, the association of HPV infection with bladder cancer was tested by a meta-analysis with 19 case-control studies. Results. An HPV prevalence of 16.88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.53%-18.31%) among the bladder cancer cases was revealed, most of whom were high-risk HPV types (15.82% [95% CI, 14.37%-17.36%]). The prevalence varied by region, types of HPV DNA specimen, and polymerase chain reaction primers used. A significantly increased risk of bladder cancer was shown for the positivity of overall HPV (odds ratio, 2.84 [95% CI, 1.39-5.80]), which was also infuenced by HPV type, study region, HPV DNA specimen, and detection method."

Role of human papillomavirus in the development of urothelial carcinoma. D Yavuzer, N Karadayi, T Salepci, H Baloglu, A Bilici, D Sakirahmet. Med Oncol 2011 Sep;28(3):919-923. None of 70 urothelial bladder carcinoma tissues were positive for HPV by nested PCR. Types tested for were not specified in the abstract.

Chemicals and Bladder Cancer

Cancer in cattle that was blamed in carcinogens in bracken ferns turned out to be caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV), which was the result of immunosuppression from the toxicity of the substances.

TP53 alterations and patterns of carcinogen exposure in a U.S. population-based study of bladder cancer. KT Kelsey, T Hirao, S Hirao, T Devi-Ashok, HH Nelson, A Andrew, J Colt, D Baris, JS Morris, A Schned, M Karagas. Int J Cancer 2005 Nov 10;117(3):370-375. In 330 bladder cancer cases in New Hampshire, "Tobacco smoking was not associated with TP53 alterations."

[Are human papillomaviruses responsible for the occurrence of bladder cancer]. Volgareva GM, Zavalishina LÉ, OB Trofimova, LI Korolenkova, AV Khachaturian, IuIu Andreeva, VD Ermilova, NL Cheban, DA Kuevda, OIu Shipulina, VA Glazunova, DA Golovina, AN Petrov, VB Matveev, GA Frank. Arkh Patol 2010 Jul-Aug;72(4):24-27. Case report. "The primary tumor removed in 2004 showed human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 DNA, mRNA corresponding to HPV16 oncogene E7, as well as HPV16 protein E7. The patient is a smoker who has been working at a chemical factory for over 20 years. During tumor recurrence in 2009, there was no DNA of high-risk HPV types in the cancer cells. HPV16 E7protein and cellular p 16(INK4alpha), an indicator of HPV-induced carcinogenesis, were not found. Colposcopy revealed no precancerous changes in the epithelium of the cervix uteri. The cervical epitheliocytes contained no high-risk HPV DNA, E7 and p16(INK4alpha) proteins."

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cast 08-17-11